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ENIGMA




In early-mid 20th century, a German engineer Arthur Schibius developed an encryption machine that was used for highly secure communications. Enigma was the most difficult thing to crack at the time for it was supposed to have no flaw. Due to this, it was extensively used by Nazis in World War II for sending out the encrypted message and did quite a great work. 

Breaking Enigma was supposed to be impossible. It had many possible outcomes for a single encrypted code. The Enigma machine works on three folds. When a message is typed, the scrambled letters just above the keyboard lights up and if the same scrambled letters were entered, the Enigma displayed the message. Enigma has three rotors, which scrambles the 26 alphabets with respect to the position of each rotor. Each of the rotors had particular speed and the plain message entered into Enigma goes through each rotors and lights up the dashboard. The Enigma which was used by Nazis had a plugboard as well. Here, the possibilities of the outcomes changed drastically. The plugboard used plugs for 20 letters i.e. 10 plugs. Each of the alphabet was connected to another letter and acted as the another one. For example, if A was plugged in to R, the alphabet A was coded as R. So, when the plain message was entered, the message went through plugboard, then rotors, then again plugboard and finally displays. This Enigma had quintillions possible outcomes for a message. 

 Enigma had a significant role in WWII. It was a key that changed the outcomes of the war. The one who found the door was a polish mathematician, Alan Turing. During the war, Nazis sent the Enigma encryption publicly to its allied nations. So the code was available to everyone, it was there floating around but in encrypted form. So, many allied nations hired mathematicians to crack the Enigma code. Among those was Alan Turing who build a machine that could decode Enigma within 20 minutes.
    The unbreakable Enigma had a flaw. Whenever an alphabet was entered, it never displayed itself. Turing used it to suppose the initial positions of rotor and plug. Still, the decryption of single message could take years. However, Turing was successful in building 'Bombe Machine' that could decode a message in about 20 minutes. A group of mathematician changed the outcome of the war.
    Enigma had quite notable role in the history. After all, it was the safest encryption device and was used by many countries for sending classified information as well as for commercial purposes. Still many security systems are designed using the theories of Enigma. Despite the casualties it evoked, it's consider as a marvelous engineering outcome. 

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